What is Software? | Types, System & Application Software

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Software


Contents :

  • Concept of Software.
  • Relationship Between Hardware and Software and its Features.
  • Types of Software.
  • Types of System Software.
  • Types of Translators are Available Presently.
  • Types of Application Software.
  • Difference between System Software & Application Software.


What is Software ?


Software is the planned sequential instructions which required for processing the input data and transform it into information. So, it makes the working of the computer meaningful.
A Program is a set of instructions that performs a specific task. Such program as single or in a group is termed as software. These instructions help the computer to process the input data and produce the desired output results.
Hardware and software together make a computer system complete. Either of them singularly, is of no use. It is the software which makes the computer alive or usable. Both software and hardware helps the computer to perform functions like storage, retrieval and solving different types of problems.

Relationship between Hardware and Software :


Hardware and Software are two vital components of a computer system which make it a complete system. Each without the other is incomplete and cannot survive on its own. The computer without software is just a metal box. One can store, retrieve and solve different types of problems only by using the software. A user friendly environment is created with the help of the software for software development. The set of instructions, present in the software, develop the arithmetic and logical capabilities of the hardware units of the system to achieve optimal performance.
In order to achieve optimum output, hardware and software should always work collectively. Each on its own has no value as they are dependent on each
other.
For example, a cassette player and the cassettes available in the market are hardware and the songs recorded in the cassette are the software. In order to listen to a song, it requires recording in the cassette first and then it is to be mounted in a cassette player to be played. Likewise, in order to get a work done on computer, the software has to be loaded onto the hardware and then implemented.

The above Example brings about the Following Features of the Relationship Between Hardware and Software :


  • Both hardware and software are required for completion of a computer system job as they  complement each other.
  • The same hardware can store different software for performing different types of jobs just like various songs can be recorded and played on a single cassette player.
  • Hardware is a one-time expenditure except for upgrades like increasing main memory and hard disk capacities or adding speakers, modems, etc. On the other hand, software is a continual expenditure.


Industrial Finance | Meaning, Functions, Need, Types & Sources

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What is Industrial Finance ? Finance has been aptly described as the life blood of industry. It is a pre-requisite for the mobilization of real resources to organize production and marketing. The provision of adequate finance is of basic importance for the smooth working of the industries and for their expansion. Meaning of Industrial Finance The … Read more

What is Capitalisation? | Definition, Causes, Remedies, Consequences of Over & Under Capitalisation

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capitalisation
Contents :

  1. Meaning and Definition of Capitalisation.
  2. Meaning and Definition of Over Capitalisation.
  3. Causes of Over Capitalisation.
  4. Consequences / Disadvantages of Over Capitalisation
  5. Remedies of Over Capitalisation.
  6. Meaning and Definition of Under Capitalisation.
  7. Causes of Under Capitalisation.
  8. Consequences / Disadvantages of Under Capitalisation.
  9. Remedies of Under Capitalisation.

What is Capitalisation ?


Capitalisation is an important part of financial planning. In common practice, capitalization refers to the total amount of capital employed in a business. This meaning is used in a narrow sense. Broadly speaking, capitalisation refers to the act of deciding in advance the quantum of fund requirements of a firm, its patterns and administration of capital in the interest of the firm.

Meaning of Capitalisation 


The term Capitalisation means total amount of long term funds available to the company. In the words of Dewing, “Capitalisation includes capital stock and debt. Therefore, capitalisation includes shares and debentures issued by the company and also the long term loans taken from the financial institutions. Capital surplus will always be a part of total capitalisation though it is available for cash, dividend under certain circumstances. Revenue surplus will be a part of capitalisation if the management wants to retain it in the business. The amount of capitalisation should be only that much which can be justified by its profits and by the normal rate of return for the industry concern. If the company earns less than the other companies in the same industry, value of shares of a company will reduce and the company will suffer.


Definitions of Capitalisation 


According to Guthman and Dougall :
“Capitalisation is the sum of the par value of the stocks and bonds outstanding.” According to them, capitalisation of a company comprises only share capital and funded debts and it does not include reserves and surplus.

According to Gerestenberg :
“Capitalisation is the total accounting value of all the capital regularly required in the business.”

According to Walker and Baughn :
“The use of capitalisation refers to only long-term debt and capital stock only and short term creditors, do not constitute supplies of capital. In reality, total capital is funded by short-term creditors, long – term creditors and others”.

From the above definitions, capitalisation can be summarized as under :
  • Capitalisation is the net worth of the business which includes actual assets involves tangible as well as intangible assets.
  • Capitalisation also comprises the ownership capital and borrowed capital as represented by long-term indebtedness.
  • Capitalisation is total accounting value of capital stock, surplus and long-term debt.

Privatisation | Meaning, Definition, Methods & Impact on Indian Industry

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Contents : Meaning of Privatisation. Definition of Privatisation. Methods of Privatisation. Impact of Privatisation on Indian Industry. What is meant by Privatisation ?  The economic policy of 1991 introduced reforms to ‘reform’ the public enterprises. Government decided to reduce the number of industries reserved for the public sector and the disinvestment of shares of a selected set of … Read more

What is Liberalisation? | Objectives, Impacts and Background

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Table of Contents : Meaning of Liberalisation. Implication of Liberalisation. Objectives of Liberalisation. Impacts / Effects of Liberalisation on Industry. Background of Liberalisation. What do you mean by Liberalisation ?  Introduction : Many countries in the recent past 1991 onwards have signed GATT agreement, and made possible free movement of goods and services all over the worid. Many … Read more

Cyber Security | Definition, Types, Stages, Tools, Examples & Advantages

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✏ Table of Content : Cyber Security Meaning Cyber Security Definition Objectives of Cyber Security Types of Cyber Security Stages of Cyber Security Cyber Security Tools Cyber Security Examples Steps in Cyber Security Advantages of Cyber Security Disadvantages of Cyber Security What is Cyber Security ? Cybersecurity is the practices, technologies, and processes designed to … Read more

What is Globalization? | Meaning, Definition & Effects on Indian Industry

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Contents : Meaning of Globalization. Definition of Globalization. Favorable / Positive Effects of Globalization on Indian Industry. Adverse / Negative Effects of Globalization on Indian Industry. What is meant by Globalization ?  In the field of science and technology, many changes have taken place during the last two centuries. These changes have resulted in bringing the changes in … Read more

Multinational Corporation | Definition, Objectives, Problems, Advantage & Disadvantage

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Contents : Meaning and Definition of Multinational Corporations. Objective of Multinational Corporations. Advantages and Disadvantages of Multinational Corporations. Problems of Multinational Corporation. Performance of Multinational Corporation. What is Multinational Corporations ?  Multinational companies (MNCs) as is evident from their name are those companies which are having their business in more than one country, in our … Read more

What is Internality? : Meaning, Example, Advantages & Disadvantages

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Have you ever made a decision that felt right in the moment but later realized it wasn’t in your best interest? Or maybe you’ve struggled to prioritize long-term health over immediate gratification? If so, you’ve encountered the concept of internality—a psychological and economic principle that affects how we make choices. What is Internality? Internality refers … Read more

Endpoint Detection and Response | Example, Tools, Benefits & Limitations

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What is Endpoint Detection and Response ? Endpoint Detection and Response (EDR) is a vital component of modern cybersecurity strategies, focusing on protecting endpoints such as laptops, desktops, servers, and mobile devices from advanced threats. It operates by continuously monitoring endpoint activities, collecting data in real-time, and analyzing it to detect and respond to suspicious … Read more